Old and New Government Accounting Distinguished

OLD AND NEW GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM DISTINGUISHED | OLD| NEW|Accounting Entries| * Manual * Maintains numerous special journals with several wide columns| * Computerized * Simplified and updated accounting system| Commission on Audit| Journalizes the appropriation and allotment released by the Department of Budget & Management | No longer journalizes the appropriation and allotment released by the Department of Budget & Management | Bureau of Treasury| Accounting rules & regulations pertaining to cash operations, collections, remittances and disbursements are issued by the COA, jointly or with the concurrence of Department of Finance and the Department of Budget & Management. | Bureau of Treasury maintains the Registry of NCA & Replenishments (RENREP) for control & monitoring of NCA bank transfers released by the Department of Budget & Management. Government Agency| * Does not journalize the Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) it receives which in effect, identifies the share of age ncy in the income of the national government. * Journalizes its appropriations and allotments. | * Now journalizes the Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) it receives which in effect, identifies the share of agency in the income of the national government. * No longer journalize its appropriations and allotments; instead it shall maintain the ff. : Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Personal Services (RAOPS), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Maintenance and other Operating Expenses (RAOMO), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Capital Outlay (RAOCO), Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Financial Expenses (RAOFE). Basis of Accounting * Expenses * Income and Revenue| Accrual & Cash Basis shall be taken up in the accounts of that year recognized when earned except in case of taxes, where revenues that remain unrealized at the close of the fiscal year shall not be recognized| Modified Accrual Basis recognized when incurred & reported in the F/S shall be recognized on accr ual basis except for transactions where accrual basis is impractical or when other methods are required by law| Fund| All income accruing to the agencies shall accrue to the General Fund of the government and all money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose shall be treated as Special Fund. | Adopts one fund concept and that is the General Fund| Chart of Accounts & Coding Structure| * Six-digit account numbering system * There are contingent accounts. * Expenditures charged to capital outlay are classified as expenses. | * Three-digit account numbering system * There are no longer contingent accounts. * Expenditures charged to capital outlay are classified as expenses. Books of Original Entries| Journal of Collections & Deposits, Journal of Disbursements, Journal of Checks, Issued, Journal & Analysis of Obligations & Journal of Bills are being used| – no longer used, only the General Journal shall be used namely (1) Cash Receipt Journal, (2) Cash Journal, (3) Check Disbursements Journal and (4) Cash Disbursements Journal| Trial Balance| Four-money column listings of all general ledger accounts used in the operations of the agency, whether, the accounts are with or without balance| Two-money column| Financial Expenses| Recognized as components of Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)| Shall be separately classified from Maintenance & Other Operating Expenses (MOOE)| Contingent Accounts| Used to record claims for accounts in dispute| No longer be used, all financial transactions shall be recorded using the appropriate accounts| Corollary Entry & Negative Journal Entries| Being used| Discontinued | Journals used| Cash Journal and General Journal are used together with the ledgers by both books. | With the implementation of the computerized agency accounting system, only the General Journal shall be used together with the ledgers by both books. |

Analogy of Nature vs Nurture

The Human Genome Project, which has attracted its fair share of controversy, set out in the early 1990s to map all 25,000 genes of the human genome (â€Å"About†). The hope was that such discoveries would provide a roadmap to the specific genes which could â€Å"allow us to accurately predict who will develop heart disease, become violent, or become homosexual† (Young). Psychologists, however, have countered this process by pointing out the importance of environmental factors to overall social development. Professor Robert Plomin of the Institute of Psychiatry in London says that â€Å"individual differences in complex traits are due at least as much to environmental influences as they are to genetic influences† (qtd. in Young). This is, in essence, a modern-day battle of nature versus nurture. In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein the conflict is perfectly encapsulated in the character of the monster; is he inherently evil and bloodthirsty, or did harsh societal treatment force him to be that way? It is an age-old question, still yet to be solved. However, through her writing and characterization it becomes clear that the monster began life as fresh and innocent as a regular newborn baby. He only became a true â€Å"monster† in the archetypal sense after enduring hatred and isolation at the hands of the humans he so longed to be. He is, in effect, nurtured into being the murderer that he becomes. Despite his unnatural birth, Frankenstein's creation still exudes the freshness and naivety of a young child discovering things for the first time. The prime example of this is his discovery of fire: â€Å"I found a fire which had been left by some wandering beggars†¦ in my joy I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain† (Shelley 89). He obviously has no life experiences to guide his actions and spends his first few weeks investigating and trying to understand the world around him, much like a newborn would. He even says that â€Å"no distinct ideas occupied my mind† (Shelley 88). This is not a being born a raving lunatic, his mind awash with murderous thoughts. He is simply a blank slate. Once he begins to distinguish light and sound, he continues his fresh exploration, discovering such things as animals, foliage, and warmth. At one point he wanders into an old man's hut, scaring him off. He doesn't intend to cause the man harm, nor does the reaction his appearance receives cause him any emotional distress or give rise to vengeance. He is not the being that he is by the end of the novel, a clear indication of the influence of social and environmental factors on development. In fact, it is not until he sees the De Lacey family for the first time that he begins to truly grasp basic emotions like happiness and sadness; until that point he had only known physical pain and hunger. The De Laceys are essentially the monster's first nurturers, however unknowing they may be. By observing them he becomes aware of human relationships, human emotions, and even human history. He develops a high level empathy for the family; their trials and tribulations were his, and when their were sad so was he. In a way he is exhibiting a highly pure and limited form of emotional expression and understanding for, much like a very young child or even a pet, his own feelings are greatly influenced by, and reflective of, those around him. Since the family provides the basis for the monster's impression of humans, he originally thinks fairly highly of them. The monster, who had started out taking some of their food for his own survival, stopped doing so when he â€Å"found out that in doing this [he] inflicted pain on the cottagers† (Shelley 96). To make amends he instead gathers firewood for them, and is filled with satisfaction upon knowing that he saved them from even a small amount of hardship. It is from the De Laceys that he first learns of kindness and love, and of the bonds of family and friendship. If he was truly born a monster it is doubtful that he would have any capacity whatsoever for empathy and love. At this point in the novel, though, it's quite apparent that the so-called â€Å"demon† has a interior that belies his frightening exterior appearance. The monster also learns how to read, write, and speak by intently observing the De Laceys. This act of humanization further endears the family to him, and is his major step towards joining human society. Of course this is all thrown out the window when, after meticulously planning on how to reveal his presence to the family, they receive him with less than open arms: Felix violently ejects him from their cottage, while Safie runs away in disgust and Agatha faints upon seeing his form. This is the first of several traumatic experiences with the human race that totally throws the monster's worldview out-of-whack; where before he saw only gentleness and love he soon comes to associate humans with hatred and violence. Next the monster gets shot after saving a girl from drowning in a river. However he still does not respond violently towards either the girl or the attacker; instead he merely wanders off, injured and confused. It would seem that he has yet to become the violent murderer the majority of the story sees him as. At this point, though, he does vow â€Å"eternal hatred and vengeance on all mankind† (Shelley 126), which is a far cry from the admiration he expressed for their race only days before. This is the turning point in the monster's behavior; from here on out his thought process is radically changed. Society and mankind have totally rejected him by this time, and again like a child he takes these insults to heart and responds in a somewhat over-the-top manner. The monster's brutal murder of William, Frankenstein's younger brother, is the first occurrence to truly display any sort of demonic tendencies. By this point, though, his heart and mind have been shaped by nearly two years of life experiences, many of them negative. After all, he lives, apart from observing the De Laceys, in total isolation. He is then deemed a monster by all of society, and cast out. He is even shot for doing a heroic deed. Add on his knowledge of the bloody history of human civilization (which is filled with war and revenge) and his exposure and identification with Satan in Milton's Paradise Lost and it is not entirely surprising to see his mindset so rapidly altered. Of course he goes on to kill many more of Frankenstein's loved ones, and eventually indirectly causes the death of Frankenstein himself, though these heinous crimes are born out of a lack of nurture, not simply just his natural personality. In fact, like many serial killers before and after him, the monster lacks any sort of parental figure. His father, Frankenstein, was so disgusted by him that he ran away and never came back. History has shown us that growing up fatherless can have severe ramifications upon a child's psyche and development. Numerous sociologists and psychologists have come to the conclusion that a fatherless childhood increases the likelihood that said child will turn to a life of crime or depression, and with 70% of long-term prison inmates and 72% of adolescent murderers coming from fatherless homes that assumption appears to be correct (Popenoe). This is a clear endorsement of the importance of nurture over nature in that this environmental change has such a large effect on the future of these children. Many, of course, come to resent and hate the man who walked out on them. This is the case with the monster, whose quest for vengeance against his creator provides the main plot of the novel. The monster falls victim to the numerous environmental forces working against him, from societal isolation to the abandonment of his father. His ultimate personality is filled with rage and anger, though it is not without the kinder traits he picked up from the De Lacey family. He confesses at the end of the novel of his remorse at his crimes: â€Å"No guilt, no mischief, no malignity, no misery can be comparable to mine† (Shelley 203). Two of the most important quotes, though, appear at the end of the novel as well: the monster essentially conveys Shelley's exact point in the nature vs. nurture battle when he says that his â€Å"heart was fashioned to be susceptible of love and sympathy† (Shelley 202) and that he â€Å"cannot believe that [he is] the same creature whose thoughts were once filled with sublime and transcendent visions of the beauty and majesty of goodness† (Shelley 204). Even he recognizes the changes that have taken place inside his own psyche, and he understands that it is his life experiences and environment that is to blame for this. In these final quotes, he also makes it clear that he started out life fresh and new, without a demonic cell in his body, and that his first experiences were those of kindness and joy. It was not until after his mind began to form that he was exposed to the concepts of hatred and vengeance. With the character of Frankenstein's monster, Shelley has created not only one of the most iconic misunderstood villains of literature but also formed an entire thesis on the concept of nature versus nurture in human development. By making the monster a blank slate, and morphing his personality based upon the different cataclysmic events that shape his life, Shelley clearly states her support for the nurture side of the argument. In a way the entire novel could be seen as an argument in defense of the belief that it is the child's environment and form of nurture received (be it good, bad, or non-existent) that provides the basis for their personality and character. Of course genetics does play a role in such areas. People are generally not born serial killers, nor are they born as charitable saints. Parenting plays a huge role in early development, as many professionals have proven, and the monster's lack of a single parent largely attributes to his personality defects. This point, combined with the isolation and hatred that he endured, are the reasons that he turned towards a path of murder and destruction.

Cafes Monte Case Essay Example for Free

Cafes Monte Case Essay The company located in Milan, Italy. It was found by Mario Salvetti as a manufacturer and distributor of premium finest coffees. The company faces a hard decision that may affect their future. The company wants to know whether or not they should keep working in the same investing. An important meeting was there among the top management team’s members to discuss the future of the company. The company’s performance was good in 2000. Profit was shown at the financial statement. Giacomo Salvetti the CEO of the company needs to decide which to choose as the business strategy for the company: 1) Keep working in the premium coffee market. 2) Transfer to the private brands market. The current capacity of the coffee production in 2000 was 350,000 K/M , with added additional capacity of 150,000K/M. The cost of the additional units was 6 billion liras. More facts about the profitability and the liquidity were required beside the cash flow and the profit plan to quantify strategic alternatives and to help in making this decision. The idea of changing was not easy to the CEO to accept without a clear image of the financial consequences. The report was provided by the marketing manager showed that the premium market is very volatile. On the other hand, the private brands market is more stable. (Full capacity at the price of 8,800 liras). Price is lower in the private market than the premium. The volume is depending of the number of retailers. ( Every additional retailer need at least 500,000 K/Y). The report was provided by the manufacturing director showed that costs are different in each amount of the volume and quality of beans. These costs include the cost of beans, labor and fixed cost. The company is able to save 65% of selling costs, 75% of R&D costs and 50% of administrative costs, if they choose the private brands market.(Director of strategic planning). Private brands’ retailers will pay slowly- 90 days instead of 30 days. (Financial officer). I took the sales price as the current price 8,800 liras. Most of the expenses are decline compare to what they were in 2000 beside also the profit. Marketing expenses were no longer there because the marketing percentage became 0% in this volume of the private market. The reason of having this decline is the gross margin of the private market comparing to the margin of the premium market. Sales price and cost in private market are less than what they are in the premium market. Cash flows are not stable during the year. It looks vary from quarter to another. In the cash flows, the retailers will pay in 90days (3months) period of time as what it is in the private market. The cash opining was 50% in the first month and 25% in next 2 months. The other expenses were divided by the 12 months equally. Variable and selling costs are showing in page(5). I don’t recommend the full transition to private market. The profit will be lower than what it is even if it is less volatile. There is no reason for the company to lose its premium market if the profit is low, too. I would support the chance of mixing the premium and the private markets together, because of the profitability there. Cafes Monte Case. (2016, Apr 28).

Brazilian Grill Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brazilian Grill - Term Paper Example Therefore, this paper shall seek to explain the personal, cultural, and social factors that can contribute to lying in the workplace, as well as the manner in which an individual can handle them. It will also explicate in details the importance of making a company’s code of ethics a ‘living document’. Discussion What personal, social, and cultural factors do you think contribute to lying in the workplace? Dishonesty in the workplace solely depends on an individual and the situation the individual is in. This simply means that an individual who has high integrity will not bend low to tell any lie whatever the cost. However, an individual with lose morals will find lying easy and will not think see anything wrong in it. Secondly, a strong desire to gain whatever the cost can prompt an individual to lie. This is closely linked to situations where an employee is promised financial motivation or maybe promotion (Adams 45). Thirdly, fear of losing one’s job may c ompel an employee to tell a lie. In most cases, bosses always force their junior employees to tell lies in order to cover for their mistakes. In this case, the junior employee has no choice other than to lie in order to save his or her job. Lastly, the broader cultural environment of an organization where people are used to telling lies may contribute to lies in the workplace (Adams 47). Employees become so used to lying that when the make false statements, they do not see it as a big deal. Do you agree or disagree with the statement â€Å"The term business ethics is an oxymoron.† Support you answer with examples from your own work experience or that of someone you know. Some people argue that the terms business and ethics contradict each other, hence the phrase, ‘business ethics is an oxymoron’. Personally, I do not agree with this statement since it is not easy to be ethical, be it in business or in life generally. In some instances, it is hard to know the best and right thing to do. Consequently, the complex and fast-moving life has made it complex for people to identify what ethics demand in certain quandary (Schmidt). In other situations when we know what we should do, we may face powerful obstacles that prevent us from acting ethically. Equating business ethics to an oxymoron conveys the mistaken assumption that ethical conduct and commitment should be one hundred percent in order to be valid. In most cases, those saying that ‘business ethics is an oxymoron’ are those people who do business with intentions of enriching themselves at the expense of the general public (O. C. Ferrell, Fraedrich, and L. Ferrell 34). In this case, they conduct their businesses without considering the social responsibility aspect of businesses. For instance, a businessman producing teen pornography can best exemplify those who believe that ‘business ethics is an oxymoron’. This is attributed to the fact that he is concerned with th e money he is making, and not in the young generation he is ruining. If you were your company’s director of human resources, how would you make your code of ethics a â€Å"living document?† As a Human Resource Manager I understand that transparency, vigilance, access and performance of duties without fear of oversight or retribution are imperative to ensure that employees have all the vital information and support needed for making difficult ethical decisions

Iroquois Theatre Fire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Iroquois Theatre Fire - Research Paper Example Some of the most disastrous fires in the United States in the 20th century include the Iroquois theater fire in Chicago in 1903, general Slocum wheel boat fire in 1904 the Ohio State penitentiary fire in 1930, the San Francisco fire in 1909 among other major fires that caused heavy loss of human lives and destruction. After the fire disasters, the fire and safety authorities in the United States have instigated various safety codes in various zones to protect people and property from the imminent risk of fires. This paper investigates the Iroquois theatre fire, with special focus on the failure of existing code processes at the time, the impact of the fire disaster on the code processes after the incident and the current code processes. In one cold afternoon of December 30 1903 in Chicago, about 2000 patrons most of whom were women and children assembled in the Iroquois theatre. In addition, about 400 performers and stage actors were jammed in the basement, backstage and dressing rooms to witness what was surely an exciting show. The audience was full of anticipation in readiness to watch a musical comedy, Mr. Bluebeard. Five weeks prior to the staging of the music comedy, the 1,700 capacity Iroquois theatre had just been opened with much excitement from the public and the press (Marshall 1904). According to Marshall (1904, p 27), The Chicago Tribune one of the most reputable dailies in the city described the theater as â€Å"virtual temple of beauty†. Iroquois was the finest of all theatres that had been constructed in the United States at the time. It had been lavishly furnished with marble and plate glass with luxurious mahogany and ornamentation. The theater had a splendid promenade lobby with a sixty feet ceiling from the floor. An impressive flight of staircases ascended on both sides of the theatre. At around 3.00pm, the theatre caught fire and in about fifteen minutes, 602 people had died and over 250 were seriously

Airline operations management (MRO case study) Assignment

Airline operations management (MRO case study) - Assignment Example He is a true mentor and a persistent oasis of ideas and concepts that motivated my progress as a student and professional. I am undoubtedly obligated to him. It is my pleasure to express my gratitude to all the staff and faculty members of Department of ABC for their valuable supportive remarks and observations. I would also appreciate the dedicated help of all my class fellows whose constructive comments and notes played vital role in presenting detailed explanations of the project. I would also appreciate my online friend, ABC, who uninterruptedly helped in identifying and gaining access to relevant contents that proved significant to my research. We engaged in fruitful discussion on online forums that contributed in extraordinary way to accomplish this assignment with best possible result. I would like to thank the staff in university library for their smiling attitude. I would also mention National Library which provided me access to great texts of academic literature. Recent technological advancements in software development and increasing trend in implementing such IT based solutions in Aviation MROs is a major step forward in providing, controlling and tracking maintenance information. Vendors developing such specialist software are continually endeavoring to improve their products over past many years. In the same context, vendors are heavily investing in making their ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) solutions more specific to particular industry. The purpose of this research project is to develop in-depth understanding of how airline operations are managed. Further, the study aims to investigate and evaluate commercially available various options for software implementation in an airline, which currently consists of Jetstream 31 aircraft is planning future expansions with commission of new BAe aircraft. This study also focuses on identifying regulatory requirements enforced by EASA for aviation industry operators and

Strategic Change Management (Ansewr 6 questions) Assignment - 1

Strategic Change Management (Ansewr 6 questions) - Assignment Example High attrition rate and staff downsizing strategy of Airline company’s crates impact on defence mechanism of Airline staff. Southwest Airlines has applied clarity system as a part of Kurt Lewins Change Management Model to decrease resistance about newly implemented software system. The company has changed existing Microsoft Excel reporting pattern by implementing Hyperion Essbase model of financial budgeting. The company did the change in order to decrease overall reporting cost. The logic model of synergy theory describes sustainable change as participation multi level actors (local and global, top level, mid level and ground level management). This model not only increases communication scope but decreases change resistance also. British Airways used Kurt Lewin’s change management model in order to create positive impact on their business policy. In the unfreeze stage they downsized the workforce in order to decrease hierarchical levels. In the change phase British Airways altered internal system and provided incentives to absorb the shock effect. In the refreeze stage BA integrated customer satisfaction with individual objective of key members of organizational hierarchy. They refurbished uniform of staff and aircraft design as a part of change management process. The market demand for Airline industry has been dented due to sovereign debt crisis and economic recession. Airline industry has lost more than $25bn (Â £16bn) in last ten years (Milmo, Topham, and Roberts, 2012). Companies are competing with each other in order to achieve competitive edge such as low cost service delivery, fast service delivery, expanded destination service, fleet size and many others. For example, Southwest Airlines has achieved the competitive edge of lowest fare in comparison to other players in the market. The new airline group formed by the merger is the sixth largest airline service in the world in terms of

Robin Hood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robin Hood - Essay Example One of the manuscripts says that Robin Hood was born in 1155. Another manuscript dates his birth in 1220; another one states that he was born between 1280 and 1290 and that he was a part of a rebellion movement against Edward II in 1320. In addition, there is a lot of confusion over the birth place of Robin Hood. The ballads states that he was born in Locksly, Nottinghashire. They also suggest that Robin Hood was the son of William Fitzooth, who was the owner of the land of Loxley. (Vahimagi 30-33) In the popular culture Robin Hood is portrayed as living in Nottinghamshire. Many of the early ballads took place in Nottinghamshire, and they showed Robin Hood and his men fighting in the forest of Sherwood. Some of the early references suggest that Robin Hood may have origins from the land of Barnsland which is now known as the South Yorkshire. (Potter 17) There are many different sources which tell us about different locations referring to be Robin Hood's true home. A tradition belonging to the sixteenth century suggests Loxley as a birth place of Robin Hood. There is a well in Yorkshire known as the Robin Hood's well which is associated with him as early as 1400. His grave is located in the West Yorkshire with a headstone of doubtful authenticity. (Potter 19-20) We find the first references to the rhymes of Robin Hood from a poem written in 14th century by Piers Plowman. From the earliest surviving copies of the ballads it is very clear that Robin Hood had special regards for wo men. He had remarkable skills as an archer and had anti-clerical beliefs. He had a very hostile attitude towards the sheriff of Nottingham, too. (Blamires 28) In popular culture Robin Hood is seen as the supporter of King Richard the Lionheart who was a king in the 12th century. Robin Hood became an outlaw because of the misrule of the king's brother John. One of the oldest ballads known as the Robin Hood and the Monk tells us that Robin Hood had a very little support as a partisan of the king. (Blamires 50-56) The early ballads also provide us with clear picture about Robin Hood's social status. He is named as a yeoman, the meaning of this word have changed over the time from aristocrat to free retainer and landholder. But this word was generally referred to the commoners. In the sixteenth century many attempts were made particularly through two famous plays known as Earl of Huntingdon and Anthony Munday to give Robin Hood noble status. The legend of Robin Hood was also transmitted into Robin Hood games and important plays which were presented in the May Day festivities in the late medieval and early modern times. We find the first record of Robin Hood games in Exeter in 1425. (Hahn 17) But no one was certain about how old this tradition was at that time. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Robin Hood games have flourished. Thorough May games, Maid Marian and a jolly friar connected with the legend. The ballads associated with Robin Hood connect him with recognizable places and there are many people in the world who believe and who are convinced that Robin Hood was a real hero and a real person. There are different theories to indentify the real Robin Hood and for each theory there are numerous supporters. According to some theories Robin Hood was his real name. Other theories suggest that

This is an assignment about how companies that were once successful, Essay

This is an assignment about how companies that were once successful, but were undone by disruptive technologies and emerging competition, can come back - Essay Example Nokia must implement the latest technologies to enter the emerging competition. It must change its focus from handset to software, as the industry has changed itself from â€Å"handset-focused to software-focused† system (Brown, para.3). Nokia should consider leaving the old fashioned Symbian software, and should focus on using the new Android software, which other big companies are using and are giving at low prices. For example, Samsung introduced Galaxy pocket starting as low as $100. This beat Nokia drastically. Nokia must also correct it strategic decisions, and should focus on what consumers want through leaving its traditional softwares and technologies and embracing the new ones. It should also introduce new hardware designs which are visually appealing, with more efficient cameras. Nokia should also decide whether it wants to be a smartphone platform provider company, like Apple, or a device builder company, like HTC and Motorolla. Nokia used a mix of both strategies, and this became the reason for its failure. It acted like Apple, but also incorporated its old traditional style of hardware, which was a big mistake in its strategic planning. Hence, for Nokia to regain its market dominance that it has been enjoying in the past, it should focus on correcting its strategies, and should modify itself in order to come at par with the modern

Reflexes Uncovered-Pathway of an action potential Comprehensive Paper Essay

Reflexes Uncovered-Pathway of an action potential Comprehensive Paper - Essay Example A stimulus is generated immediately a person comes in contact with a painful object like fire. The stimulus has to pass through layers of the layers of the skin, which include the epidermis and the dermis. The anatomy of the skin displays a rich network of receptors that are responsible for detecting pain (Moses et al., 67). The epidermis consists of hair and Merkel’s disc, which is a tactile receptor found between the epidermis and the dermis. This receptor detects any form of external stimuli. The Pacinian corpuscle is also found in the outermost layer of the skin and it detects abnormal pressures from external environment. Apart from these receptors, the outer skin layer has free nerve endings that detect pain. The stimulus goes through the free nerve endings to other sensory receptors in the dermis (Moses et al., 70). The presence of sensory receptors enables the skin to detect any change in environmental pressures like fire. The dermis also has the Ruffini’s corpuscle which is a receptor similar to a mushroom shape. The stimulus is also detected by the Pacinian corpuscle, which detects deep pressure within the hypodermis layer. The dermis contains free nerve endings that play a major part in detecting external stimuli. A stimulus excites the impulse at the resting membrane potential of the neuron threshold potential in order to reach the maximum action potential. When the maximum action potential is achieved, the cell membrane of the neurons becomes depolarized and the sensory receptors convert the portrayed information into nerve impulses. As a result the nerve impulse away from the dendrites into the neuron then onto the cell body of the nerve. It then travels via the myelin sheath of the axon, to the nodes of Ranvier and lastly to the synaptic knob where the axon and another neuron mee t each other. The gap between one neuron and another is called the presynaptic membrane

Free

Free Will vs. Determinism Essay Abstract Is it possible that two philosophical worlds can coexist yet still be argue no to? There are many who say yes and many who say no. Some believe that life is lived by free will. Others believe that life is lived through predetermination, known as determinism. May one thing exist if another cannot. Who is to say yes or no? Free Will vs. Determinism Socrates: â€Å"May it be that there is substantial reason to believe things are what they are because of what they were? † Nathan: â€Å"So, you too would be describing determinism as the way things will be as a result of how things are and work of natural laws? Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that this means there is no human freedom of choice or action that was ours to make in the first place? † Nathan: â€Å"No, I would like to believe humanity has the freedom of choice, since our choices are ours in the first place, although they must have an explanation. † Socrates: â€Å"Is it possible that every choice may not have an explanation for why something led to specific effects? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, it is possible, but I would like to think that some situations do not hold explanations. † Socrates: â€Å"Nathan, is there room for acceptance that human choices or situations may be events? † Nathan: â€Å"That would be to say that they are mere objects in time or instantiations of properties in objects. † Socrates: â€Å"Possibly, but wouldn’t that mean they would hold an explanatory cause? † Nathan: â€Å"If what you’re asking determines whether or not there is an explanation for why something happened that led to a specific effect, then yes. † Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that every choice or event would have an explanatory cause? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I would like to believe that sometimes some choices or events are random leading to free will. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these human choices or events we speak of the same or are they different? † Nathan: â€Å"I would believe them to be different. Choices are instances of free will through periodic randomness as where events are often reflections of these spoken choices. Hence, they are different. Often choices may lead to an event, but events often lead to choices. † Socrates: â€Å"So you would entertain the idea that explanatory cause is not to be free? † Nathan: â€Å"No, to be free is having the ability to act at will; not under compulsion or restraint. Therefore to be free is merely an individual idea. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these two worlds of free will and determinism able to coexist within the same realm? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I believe it is possible that a person’s free will may lead them to a point of determinism. This being they make a choice and then in turn that choice leads them to a predetermined point in life. It was just their choice in when or how they arrived there. † Socrates: â€Å"Can there be external determinism and internal free will? † Nathan: â€Å"It is possible that we may have a predetermination, however I believe that at the same time, we are capable of making our own decisions and making our own free choices. Even if these choices may lead to a determined place it is still our own decision on how we may arrive there. Summary I would like to state that I believe it is possible for determinism to exist in a world that is decided by free will even if our life is predetermined. However, just because our life has a determined end it does not conclude that the contents of our lives were without free will. Our choices all have an explanatory cause, even if we would like to think that some choices are made at random. This is, however, just another example that we control our own free will. References CLARKE, P. H. (2010). Determinism, Brain Function and Free Will. Science Christian Belief, 22(2), 133-149. Millican, P. (2010). Humes Determinism. Canadian Journal Of Philosophy, 40(4), 611-642 http://www. galilean-library. org/site/index. php/page/index. html/_/essays/introducingphilosophy/13-free-will-and-determinism-r29.

Strategies for Forecasting Emergency Department Demand

Strategies for Forecasting Emergency Department Demand A Multivariate Time Series Approach to Modeling and Forecasting Demand in the Emergency Department Introduction: Reports by the General Accounting Office, American College of Emergency Physicians, and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) depict an overburdened United States crisis care framework described by congestion and patient consideration delays. From 1993 to 2003 crisis division (ED) visits expanded by 26% while the quantity of EDs diminished by 9%. These shifts in supply and interest have made a situation in which numerous EDs consistently work at or past their composed limit. A 2002 study charged by the American Hospital Association found that roughly 66% of every last one of EDs overviewed accept that they are working at or above limit. The same study found that the impression of congestion is absolutely related with the intricacy of administrations the doctors facility offers and is more predominant among clinics in urban settings. Notwithstanding having an antagonistic effect on patient and clinician fulfillment, ED congestion has malicious impacts on the both the quality and timetables of consideration conveyed in the ED. Expanding interest consolidated with developing lack of ED administrations makes the productive allotment of ED assets progressively imperative. In their report, the IOM prescribes that clinics use data innovation and utilization operations research techniques to end up more productive [3]. Interest anticipating is one such technique, determining is a broadly pertinent, multi-disciplinary science, and is a fundamental movement that is utilized to guide choice making in numerous zones of financial, mechanical, and experimental arranging. Demonstrating and anticipating interest is a dynamic territory of request among crisis medication scientists. Models and strategies that may be valuable for giving choice backing continuously for operational and asset portion errands have been quite compelling. A mixture of distinctive techniques have been proposed as suitable method for gauging request in the ED, a percentage of the proposed routines are: uni-variate time arrangement demonstrating, r ecreation displaying, queuing hypothesis, and machine learning strategies. The last goal was to investigate the potential utility of our multivariate determining models to give choice backing continuously for available to come back to work attendant staffing. The capacity to powerfully conform and assign staffing assets is prone to develop in significance as regulations obliging doctors facilities and EDs to hold fast to medical caretaker staffing proportions get to be more normal. The most settled samples of such government regulations exist in the condition of California where healing facilities have been obliged to watch particular patient-to-medical caretaker proportions subsequent to 2004. These regulations are questionable; in any case, government regulation of patient-to-attendant staffing proportions in different parts of the nation is plausible and pertinent enactment is being proposed on both the state and Federal levels. In spite of the fact that medical attendant staffing proportions remain politically dubious, the logical proof is convincing th at these proportions have a critical effect on nature of consideration, and a powerful group of writing has amassed showing that decreases in the patient-to-attendant proportion are connected with huge diminishments in mortality, unfavorable occasions, and patient length of sit tight. Methods: Study design: This was a review study utilizing totaled information for the year 2006 that was extricated from ED data frameworks. The neighborhood institutional survey board sanction this study and waived the necessity for educated assent. Study setting: This study was led utilizing information gathered from three healing centers worked by Inter-mountain Healthcare, a not-for-profit incorporated conveyance arrange that works clinics and facilities in Utah and southern Idaho. The three clinics were picked in light of the fact that they change in size and setting and the way in which the ED interfaces with whatever is left of the clinic. Table beneath gives unmistakable measurements to every clinic, and extra significant office attributes take after. Table 1  Operational descriptive statistics for three hospitals and hospital emergency departments (ED) Hospital Inpatient beds Trauma designation Teaching hospital ED beds (hall beds) Dedicated laboratory POCT Dedicated radiography Dedicated radiologist service Average hospital occupancy (SD)†  1 270 NA No 27 (5) No No No Yes 69.08% (15.16%) 2 475 Level I Yes 25 (7) No Yes Yes No 81.88% (9.22%) 3 350 Level II No 28 (4) Yes No Yes Yes 82.23% (9.59%) Hospital Average ED patients per day (SD) Average ED patient wait time (SD) Average ED patient LOS (SD) Admission rate Average ED patient board time (SD) Hospital occupancy >90% 1 144.75 (18.08) 33.78 (26.95) 168.81 (114.47) 9.50% 105.54 (69.22) 5.75% 2 108.20 (12.50) 23.07 (17.23) 183.47 (106.07) 21.20% 77.86 (54.88) 21.37% 3 120.60 (16.50) 50.24 (41.56) 185.38 (112.97) 14.50% 109.48 (97.88) 25.48% Point of care laboratory testing. † Average midday (12 pm) inpatient hospital occupancy during 2006.  §Percent of time midday census exceeded 90% during 2006. Data collection and processing: Information for this investigation were extricated from Intermountain Healthcares Oracle based electronic information distribution center. Accumulated hourly information were separated by means of SQL questions. Measures of statistics were gathered for every hour. ED patient evaluation was spoken to as the tally of patients either sitting tight for or getting treatment in the ED. Inpatient enumeration was characterized as the quantity of patients possessing an inpatient bed. Interest for research facility assets was measured as the quantity of lab batteries (e.g., complete blood check) that were gathered amid a given hour (e.g., 12:00:00–12:59:59). Preparatory examination showed that 26 basic lab batteries (Appendix A) represented pretty nearly 80% of the research facility volumes at the EDs included in this investigation. With a specific end goal to better study the effect of inpatient request on ED request we verified that it would be most fitting to cutoff our examination t o a center arrangement of research facility tests for which a noteworthy increment popular inside or remotely could have harmful impacts on ED operations. Thusly, just this center arrangement of 26 research facility batteries was incorporated in our numbers of ED and inpatient lab volumes. Comparative basis drove us to center our investigation on the interest for radiography and CT, as these two modalities represented right around 90% of the interest for radiology administrations at the EDs examined. We gathered the quantity of radiography and CT examining requests for every hour from the ED and inpatient healing center. Extra variables gathered incorporate hourly numbers of patient entries. All variables gathered and included in our investigation are abridged in Table underneath. Table 2Time series variables collected for analysis and inclusion in multivariate forecasting models Variable Definition ED arrivals Count of patients arriving to the ED during a given hour ED census Count of patients waiting for or receiving service in the ED on the hour ED laboratory orders Count of laboratory batteries ordered in the ED during a given hour ED radiography orders Count of radiography orders made in the ED during a given hour ED computed tomography (CT) orders Count of CT orders made in the ED during a given hour Inpatient census Count of patients occupying an inpatient bed on the hour Inpatient laboratory orders Count of laboratory batteries ordered in the inpatient hospital during a given hour Inpatient radiography orders Count of radiography orders made in the inpatient hospital during a given hour Inpatient CT orders Count of CT orders made in the inpatient hospital during a given hour Outcome measures Out-of-sample forecast accuracy was assessed for forecast horizons ranging from one to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h in advance by calculating the mean absolute error (MAE). The MAE is a frequently used and intuitive measure of forecast accuracy that measures the magnitude of the deviation between the predicted and observed values of a given time series. For a series of predicted valuesand the corresponding series of observed values (y1,y2,†¦,yn) (1) Model validation and forecasting Our essential target was to assess the legitimacy of our models as far as their capacity to give precise post-test conjectures of registration and of the interest for indicative assets in the ED. This was finished through a reproduced post-test estimating situation in which we incrementally extended the preparation set by 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h and afterward produced figures for every single endogenous variable for skylines going from one to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead. This methodology empowered us to create one to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead figures for every one of the 840à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h in the acceptance set. We assessed the estimate precision of our models by registering the MAE for every figure skyline (1–24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h). We analyzed the gauge exactness attained to utilizing the VAR models to a benchmark uni-variate guaging technique. The benchmark strategy picked was occasional Holt-Winters exponential smoothing. Exponential smoothing is a standout amongst the most common determining strategies and in light of its prosperity and incessant utilization we felt that it gave a reasonable benchmark. The last goal was to investigate the potential utility of our multivariate determining models to give choice backing continuously for operational and asset designation undertakings. To do this we assessed the oppressive force of the yield from our gauging models in anticipating cases when satisfactory patient-to-medical attendant proportions would be surpassed. We utilized the four to one ED patient to ED attendant proportion that is commanded by the condition of California as our reference standard of an adequate patient-to-medical caretaker proportion. We characterized any occurrence where the watched ED registration surpassed the normal ED statistics by four or more patients (i.e., the ED is understaffed by a full attendant) as a case of under-staffing. We confirmed that in these cases it would be valuable to have propelled cautioning that would empower an extra RN to be reached preceding the adequate patient-to-attendant proportion being surpassed. Keeping in mind the end goal to do this we entered the figure deviation from the normal ED enumeration (conjecture ED censusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢Ë†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ED expected registration) for figures made 1–12à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead of time into a solitary variable logistic relapse model. The biased force of the single variable logistic relapse models taking into account the gauged deviation to anticipate occurrences of under-staffing was surveyed through the observational figuring of the full region under the collector working trademark bend (AROC) for every estimate skyline. Every measurable analysis including the determining model improvement and assessment were performed utilizing the R factual program. Table 3p-Values for bivariate Granger-causality tests conducted using the data from Hospital 1, column labels indicate which variable is being evaluated as a leading indicator (regressor), and row labels indicate which variable is being evaluated as the dependent variable Dependent variable Regressor ED Census ED labs ED radiography ED CT Inpatient census Inpatient labs Inpatient radiography Inpatient CT ED census NA 0.11 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.90 ED laboratories NA 0.39 0.24 0.21 0.09 0.23 0.59 ED radiography NA 0.54 0.71 0.37 0.25 0.02 ED CT NA 0.97 0.89 0.45 0.63 Inpatient census 0.98 0.88 0.16 0.24 NA 0.08 0.68 Inpatient laboratory 0.91 0.54 0.96 0.66 NA Inpatient radiography 0.74 0.98 0.51 0.74 NA Inpatient CT 0.35 0.11 0.25 0.07 NA Table 4Goodness-of-fit statistics (MultipleR2) for each endogenous variable included in the eighth order vector autoregression model for Hospital 1 Endogenous variable MultipleR2 ED census 0.97 ED laboratory volumes 0.80 ED CT volumes 0.50 ED radiography volumes 0.70 Inpatient census 0.99 Inpatient laboratory volumes 0.91 Inpatient CT volumes 0.71 Inpatient radiography volumes 0.88 Forecasting results Since our graphic investigations showed that almost no prescient worth was liable to be picked up by including variables speaking to inpatient request in estimating models for interest in the ED, we chose to fit two VAR models for every Hospital. VAR demonstrate 1, or the full model, included both inpatient and ED variables, while VAR display 2 included just ED variables. Both VAR models included ED understanding entries as an exogenous variable. Every model was equipped for creating conjectures just for the endogenous variables included in the model; in this manner, VAR display 1 created figures for inpatient and also ED variables, while VAR show 2 produced gauges just for ED variables. Since the accentuation of this study is gauging request in the ED we just report measures of exactness for ED variables. The consequences of our post-test model approval are introduced for every office. For every figure we present measures of the estimate slip (MAE) for conjecture skylines extending from 1 to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead for ED registration, lab, radiography, and CT volumes. Every figure demonstrates the MAE accomplished utilizing VAR models 1 and 2 and the gauge precision utilizing Holt-Winters exponential smoothing. At Hospitals 1 and 2, VAR models 1 and 2 gave more precise estimates of interest for all ED variables for conjecture skylines up to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead when contrasted with the benchmark uni-variate anticipating technique. At Hospital 3, VAR models 1 and 2 gave better or equivalent figure exactness for skylines up to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h for ED patient statistics, and for ED research center and radiography volumes. We distinguished almost no contrast between the estimating execution of the full model, display 1, and the model that just joined ED variables, demonstrate 2. This outcome verifies what we found amid our distinct examinations, i.e., that minimal prescient quality would be gathered by demonstrating the collaboration between inter est in the ED and the inpatient doctors facility. Fig. 11 exhibits four different plots, in the first we see the watched contrasted with the normal ED evaluation (taking into account recorded midpoints) for one week (11/26/2006–12/2/2006) at Hospital 2. This figure demonstrates that in a few examples amid this specific week (e.g., Thursday and Friday evening) there were vast deviations (12 patients or all the more) in the watched ED enumeration from the normal ED statistics. The three remaining plots in Figure present the watched ED registration contrasted with the guage ED statistics at 1, 2, and 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead. These plots demonstrate that 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead utilizing model 2 we have the capacity to figure ED statistics at a high level of exactness, at 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead our expectations are less precise yet ready to foresee critical takeoffs from typical ED evaluation levels, and at 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead our forecasts start to relapse towar ds the normal ED registration. Fig. 12 presents watched, expected, and anticipated research center volumes in the same route as in Fig. 11 for that week. Pretty much just like the case with ED statistics, Fig. 12 display critical variety even in the wake of representing hourly and week after week cycles. On the other hand, dissimilar to ED evaluation our model does not seem to do almost also at foreseeing compelling flights from expected standards even at short. Conclusion: VAR models gave understanding into the elements of interest in the ED and the inpatient healing facility at our neighborhood destinations, and gave more exact gauges of ED statistics for stretched out conjecture skylines when contrasted with standard univariate time arrangement techniques. http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/stat-data/topics.htm http://www.j-biomed-inform.com/article/S1532-0464(08)00063-4/fulltext

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay Proton Holding Berhad or well known as Proton, a Malay acronym of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional is the first Malaysian automobile manufacturer which has headquartered at Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Proton is founded under idea of former Malaysia Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed in 1983 to manufacture, assemble and sell automobile vehicles and related products such as spare parts, accessories and other components. After two years of incorporated, Proton has produced its and Malaysias first car, the Proton Saga with technology and parts assistant of its shareholders cum technical assistant partner and supplier, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and has been launched by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed by 9th July 1985.Just around three and half years after launch of Proton Saga, it has achieved 100,000 units produced in January of 1989 and by 1988, Proton has successfully grabbed 73 percent of passenger car market in Malaysia. Beside Malaysia market, Proton Sag a is the first model of Proton to enter international market such as United Kingdom. With technology support from Mitsubishi, Proton continued to develop new models for both local and oversea markets. After this successful of Proton Saga, Proton launched second car named Proton Wira which based on Mitsubishi Lancer platform and technology during 1993. Between 1996 and 1998, more than 220,000 units of Proton Wira were sold. The third model which relied on Mitsubishi technology is Proton Perdana that based on Mitsubishi Eterna was launched during 1995 for higher end market. The next Protons car which relied on Mitsubishi technology and platform is Proton Waja or as known as Proton Impian in UK which launched during 2001 and it is first car was designed internally by Proton itself. After the acquisition of Lotus, a United Kingdom car manufacturer in 1996. Proton utilized its technology and engineering in helping it develops several new models to replace its old models. In 2004, with technology and engineering of Lotus, Proton developed its own engine called Campro which using by its first replacement model called Proton Gen-2. In 2007, Proton comes out with second replacement model called Proton Persona, a sedan model of Proton Gen-2 which both to replace Proton Wira. By 18 January 2008, after more than 20 years of Proton Saga being launched, Proton launched its replacement model of Proton Saga. By 2010, Proton once again has entered into talks with Mitsubishi Motors which is going successfully and led to another replacement model being produced, Proton Inspira which based on platform and technology from Mitsubishi latest generation Lancer is replacement model for Proton Waja. The common strategy which applied into major modern businesses today is the marketing mix as known as 4Ps is contains four major groups, product, price, place and promotion. Kotler P., Armstrong G., Saunders J. Wong V. (1999) defined marketing mix as a set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. It helps the firm to influence its targeted markets consumer buying behavior which leads to achieve its marketing objectives. Consumer buying behavior is defined by Schiffman, K. and Wisenblit (2010), as a the processes and behavioral that consumer display in search, select, purchase, use, evaluate, secure and dispose of products and services that suffice their gratification corresponding to their expectation. According to Kotler P. (2002), a consumers buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. While consumer in buying decision making, there are some factors affecting them . Its vital for a firm to understand the factors that influencing the consumer purchasing decisions in order to effectively utilize the marketing mix tools as consumer stimuli and lead to marketing objectives achieve. In SPR (Stimulus, Process, Response) model by Svend H. (2010) (refer appendix A), marketing mix is one of the important elements in stimulate consumer buying behavior. In Proton, the marketing mix has been adopted as most of the businesses in the world did. Proton has been adopting Mitsubishi and Lotus technology in producing and including in its products as a part of product strategy to improve consumer confidence toward Protons products. In price strategy, Proton offering affordable price for mid-low income level consumer which lead to major sales of Protons products, for example, Proton Saga. Proton is selling its products locally and globally. For both targeted market, showrooms and service centrals have been set up at main cities for conveniences of consumers to obtain Protons products and services after sales. Especially for local market, large number of showrooms and service centrals has been set up in cities and towns of each state. In promotion strategies, there is numerous methods by Proton to promote its products such as showrooms sales person, mainstream media advertising, outdoor promotion events, internet advertising, participating in world class motorsport and so on. 1.2 Problems Statements According to the announcement made by Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 23rd AFTA Council Meeting, in order to promote greater economic efficiency, productivity and competitiveness, Malaysia will be a complete free trade area effective from 1st January 2010, with the elimination of duties on over 2,000 tariff lines (Choy J.Y and Ng C.S (2011) cited Palaniappan (2009)). The elimination of the trade barriers will significantly increase the competitiveness of Malaysia automotive industry as the price of import cars from ASEAN Free Trade Area, AFTA member countries will be significantly decrease as well. Other than the challenges brought by the possible import car price cut down, the emerging of China and India automotive manufacturer yet possibly double the challenges in Malaysia auto market. This will be great challenges toward automotive manufacturers and dealers in Malaysia especially local manufacturers. Thus, local car manufacturer or dealer in Malaysia must have suff icient preparations to face the upcoming challenges. Although Proton has granted with returning of Mitsubishi technology in developing new replacement models in order to increase its competitive advantages to face future challenges within Malaysia automotive industry. However, it is crucial for Proton to understand what are the factors that affecting consumer buying behavior while purchasing Proton car. Its important for Proton to determine is its product factors are competitive enough to compete in future challenging domestic auto market, Is the car price of the Proton is main factor? Is the quality of Proton car is main factor? 1.3 Research Questions Does the performance of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the price of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the after purchased risk of the Proton car is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the quality of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? 1.4 research Objectives The main objective of the research is to study the factors affecting purchasing decisions toward Proton latest product. Specifically objectives: To determine the association between product performance and buying decision. To determine the association between product price and buying decision. To determine the association between product risk and buying decision. To determine the association between product quality and buying decision. 1.5 Research Significances This research is being conducted in order to provide an understanding to local car manufacturer, Proton about the consumer buying behavior which is one of the key elements in Proton marketing strategies. Its very crucial for Proton to take this understanding into account as it helps to understand better factors affecting consumer buying decisions and this also will helps Proton to examine if their current strategies which alliance with Mitsubishi in developing new car model is working well in attracting consumer. The determination of the factors which affecting the consumer purchasing decision in this study also will help Proton to develop best strategies in future competitive environments especially the implementation of AFTA policy. Other than this, through this study, Proton would able to identify its products attracting which types of consumer in making purchase. By knowing its consumer, Proton will be able offer the best product that market want and need. Its important for Proto n to face the future challenges in Malaysia automotive industry. Other than Proton itself, this study would be useful information for marketing researcher, student in their future research about consumer behavior on purchasing automotive products or automotive market related study.

Symbols and Symbolism in Death in Venice Essay -- Death Venice Essays

Subtle Symbolism in Death in Venice    The dominant theme in Death in Venice is, obviously, death. This theme is exploited through the use of irony, imagery, and symbolism. The theme is most effectively explored by means of symbolism. Mann's symbolism is not as straight-forward as most authors, however, and the reader is forced to dig deep in order to determine the true meaning of any given passage. This pseudo-hidden symbolism forces the reader to be acutely aware of its presence from page one, or else the point may be missed altogether. During the opening of the novel, the reader is confronted with an exotic stranger, Aschenbach, who is the first of many "tokens" of death. This symbol is suggested in the description of the stranger: His chin was up, so that the Adam's apple looked very bald in the lean neck rising from the loose shirt; and he stood there sharply peering up into space out of colourless, red-lashed eyes.... At any rate, standing there as though at survey, the man had a bold and domineering, even a ruthless air, and his lips completed the picture by seeming to curl back, either by reason of some deformity or else because he grimaced, being blinded by the sun in his face; they laid bare the long, white, glistening teeth to the gums. This passage almost implies that the man is a skeleton, or at least that he is ghostly, with the bared teeth of a skull. The reader knows nothing about the stranger, is soon disappointed to learn nothing of him, and yet the stranger has already served his purpose: he is the first envoy of death in the novel. Also, the fact that the scene occurs in the vicinity of a cemetery is no coincidence. Later on, when Aschenbach arrives in Venice, Mann introduces symbolism to... ... (Mann, too, conducted all his literary work during first light). The determination to sustain and survive existed in the spirit of both artists. Yet "Death in Venice" is by no certain means a narrowly autobiographical narrative. Nevertheless, much that is the artist Aschenbach is part of the artist Mann, and thus can be interpreted as a faint symbol of Mann. Perhaps Aschenbach is an extreme example of the imperfections Mann combated during his own lifetime; if this indeed is the case, then Aschenbach is not only a token of the frailty of Mann, but an emblem of the fallacies plaguing us all. Works Cited and Consulted: Albert, George. Symbolism in Death in Venice. Notre Dame Press, Indiana. 1995 Mann, Thomas. Death in Venice and Other Stories. New York: Random House, Inc., 1989. Wagner, Rich. The Autobiographical Tragedy. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Symbols and Symbolism in Death in Venice Essay -- Death Venice Essays Subtle Symbolism in Death in Venice    The dominant theme in Death in Venice is, obviously, death. This theme is exploited through the use of irony, imagery, and symbolism. The theme is most effectively explored by means of symbolism. Mann's symbolism is not as straight-forward as most authors, however, and the reader is forced to dig deep in order to determine the true meaning of any given passage. This pseudo-hidden symbolism forces the reader to be acutely aware of its presence from page one, or else the point may be missed altogether. During the opening of the novel, the reader is confronted with an exotic stranger, Aschenbach, who is the first of many "tokens" of death. This symbol is suggested in the description of the stranger: His chin was up, so that the Adam's apple looked very bald in the lean neck rising from the loose shirt; and he stood there sharply peering up into space out of colourless, red-lashed eyes.... At any rate, standing there as though at survey, the man had a bold and domineering, even a ruthless air, and his lips completed the picture by seeming to curl back, either by reason of some deformity or else because he grimaced, being blinded by the sun in his face; they laid bare the long, white, glistening teeth to the gums. This passage almost implies that the man is a skeleton, or at least that he is ghostly, with the bared teeth of a skull. The reader knows nothing about the stranger, is soon disappointed to learn nothing of him, and yet the stranger has already served his purpose: he is the first envoy of death in the novel. Also, the fact that the scene occurs in the vicinity of a cemetery is no coincidence. Later on, when Aschenbach arrives in Venice, Mann introduces symbolism to... ... (Mann, too, conducted all his literary work during first light). The determination to sustain and survive existed in the spirit of both artists. Yet "Death in Venice" is by no certain means a narrowly autobiographical narrative. Nevertheless, much that is the artist Aschenbach is part of the artist Mann, and thus can be interpreted as a faint symbol of Mann. Perhaps Aschenbach is an extreme example of the imperfections Mann combated during his own lifetime; if this indeed is the case, then Aschenbach is not only a token of the frailty of Mann, but an emblem of the fallacies plaguing us all. Works Cited and Consulted: Albert, George. Symbolism in Death in Venice. Notre Dame Press, Indiana. 1995 Mann, Thomas. Death in Venice and Other Stories. New York: Random House, Inc., 1989. Wagner, Rich. The Autobiographical Tragedy. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.

The Hot Zone by Richard Preston :: Book Report The Hot Zone

The Hot Zone by Richard Preston   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October of l989, Macaque monkeys, housed at the Reston Primate Quarantine Unit in Reston, Virginia, began dying from a mysterious disease at an alarming rate. The monkeys, imported from the Philippines, were to be sold as laboratory animals. Twenty-nine of a shipment of one hundred died within a month. Dan Dalgard, the veterinarian who cared for the monkeys, feared they were dying from Simian Hemorrhagic Fever, a disease lethal to monkeys but harmless to humans. Dr. Dalgard decided to enlist the aid of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) to help diagnose the case. On November 28th, Dr. Peter Jahlring of the Institute was in his lab testing a virus culture from the monkeys. Much to his horror, the blood tested positive for the deadly Ebola Zaire virus. Ebola Zaire is the most lethal of all strains of Ebola. It is so lethal that nine out of ten of its victims die. Later, the geniuses at USAMRIID found out that it wasn't Zaire, ! but a new strain of Ebola, which they named Ebola Reston. This was added to the list of strains: Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, and now, Reston. These are all level-four hot viruses. That means there are no vaccines and there are no cures for these killers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1976 Ebola climbed out of its primordial hiding place in the jungles of Africa, and in two outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan wiped out six hundred people. But the virus had never been seen outside of Africa and the consequences of having the virus in a busy suburb of Washington DC is too terrifying to contemplate. Theoretically, an airborne strain of Ebola could emerge and circle the world in about six weeks. Ebola virus victims usually "crash and bleed," a military term which literally means the virus attacks every organ of the body and transforms every part of the body into a digested slime of virus particles. A big point that Preston wanted to get across was the fact that the public thinks that the HIV virus is quite possibly the most horrible virus on Earth, when no one takes into mind the effects and death of the victims of Ebola. Preston shows how Ebola and Marburg (a close relative of Ebola) is one hundred times more contagious, one hundred times as lethal, and one hundr! ed times as fast as HIV. "Ebola does in ten days what it takes HIV ten years to accomplish," wrote Richard Preston. The virus, though, has a hard time spreading, because the

Astrology and Its Role in Our World Essay -- Astrological Horoscope Es

Astrology and Its Role in Our World Have you ever wondered what the signs of the Zodiac means? When we turn on the TV it seems we always see an advertisement on horoscope predictions. People call in and get the predictions they have been looking for. When the newspaper first arrives, some people go to the horoscope section first. They base the entire day or entire week on the report they get. It seems that this phenomenon is something all new, or is it? Astrology has been around since ancient times, even dating back to biblical days. Astrology has a long line of history and a bright future. We will attempt to cover that topic as well as the signs and elements of the Zodiac. The signs of the Zodiac include: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Astrologers also claim the planets play a role in many key factors. How do these things affect us? We will also look at astrology as a science; a way to predict and control your life and your destiny. Although man y people refer to astrology as just being superstitious others say the predictions are not worth the paper they are written on. Many men and women have studied astronomy but we will look at Mother Shipton. What caused this woman to focus her life on the study of astrology? Why did she believe astrology could predict one’s character or life? Was she just passing on false information or is the universe interrelated and everything is based on these Zodiac signs? Astrology is a phenomenon that dates back to biblical days. There is an ancient legend, that Adam received the doctrines and mysteries of astrology direct from his Maker and thus by foreknowing that the earth was to be destroyed first by fire and afterwards by water. (Thompson 17) Astrology has played an important role in our civilization. Starting with Adam and even being present in today’s society. Different civilizations seemed to be practicing astrology independetely. People noticed the Sun in particular had a change on how crops grew. Many people viewed astronomy and astrology as a similar science until the 1500s. People knew by looking at the sun or what the size of the moon was when to plant crops or even when a baby was going to be born. These early astrologers were searching for their place in life. A place where they fit into the universe. They believed that every component of... ...ng and association. Your zodiac sign will follow you throughout life and direct you in the right path. You may not always be the textbook Cancer, you could pick up a trait or two of the Scorpio grouping. Astrologers say that planets play a role in the aiding of predictions. Each planet has its own meaning and even a zodiac sign. Research has been done proving that weather and earthquakes can be predicted by observing the planets. Unfortunately, the research is still in the development stages. This research could be beneficial to all of us and could save lives. One famous astrologer was Mother Shipton from Norfolk, England. She was a woman who could predict life, death and even sickness. It was rumored that she was related to the devil himself! She was famous throughout the Norfolk area. Often respected and feared. Many of the early pioneers lead the way for astrologers in toady’s world. In closing, the paper you have just read in no way encourages or discourages astrology. Many people believe and respect this way of life. Astrology is a very complex and misunderstood subject. It requires talent and skill. The future of astrology looks bright, and will go on for a very long time.

Poetic Techniques in Kevin Gilbert’s “The New True Anthem” Essay

The poem â€Å"The New True Anthem† by Kevin Gilbert acknowledges the fact that there is more then a single opinion of what has happened to the lives of people both English and native aboriginal, also what has happened to the beautiful land once home to many native aboriginal tribes all over the continent of Australia. It also says that people of English descendent say that they do love Australia while in fact they don’t and are treating it as a land of their own as if nothing was there before the time of their arrival, as they are treating the native Australians without respect and are not treating them as the original owners of the land but rather as slaves. In the poem â€Å"The New True Anthem† by Kevin Gilbert the poet displayed all kinds of poetic technique but the one that stood out for me the most was imagery. In this poem there was a various use of personification which really made this poem more intriguing. Gilbert is displaying the hatred he has towards Australia and the white folk due to the way they have treated Aboriginals culture and their home land. Gilbert wrote this poem whilst he was suffering from poverty and was incarcerated in prison. Gilbert displayed his passionate feelings for Aboriginal rights and dignity through poems. Gilbert at the beginning of the poem stated about Mackellars’ poem â€Å"My Country† to state the differences on their point of view.

Dota Addiction

What is Dota? Dota or Defense of the ancient is a custom scenario for the real-time strategy video game Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and it's expansion, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, based on the â€Å"Aeon of Strife† map for StarCraft. The objective of the scenario is for each team to destroy the opponents' Ancients, heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. Players use powerful units known as heroes, and are assisted by allied heroes and AI-controlled fighters called â€Å"creeps†. As in role-playing games, players level up their hero and use gold to buy equipment during the mission. Does Dota really affect the youth today? Does it help the youth today? Or it corrupts the minds of the youth who are playing this game? Let us look at Dota's advantages and disadvantages. Dota helps the youth who are playing this game to become mentally alert, cooperative, and strategic. It also increases their knowledge in mathematics by computing the gold's, damages, magic and physical reduction present in the game. Indeed, Dota really helps the youth by playing this game. In the other hand, playing this game without time management and priority can lead to irresponsibility. Starting from their responsibilities, the youth spend more time playing this game rather than doing their tasks. Studies were forgotten, students became lazy, and relationships with the family were also affected because of this game. Playing this game also triggers the player to lose his/her temper and values. Why? It simply because of the different languages used during the game or what we called â€Å"Trash talks†. Trash talks such as foul languages can really lose their temper and values. As a result, the both sides will fight against each other. Gamble is also present in this game, the highest bet is 5,000 pesos and the lowest is 300 pesos. Again, money for them is not that important anymore. Many players says that â€Å"Dota is the best past time ever,† so it's OK for them to waste their money. Due to playing, eating is irrelevant; the satisfaction they get from playing is the same as the satisfaction they get from eating. As a result, the body's immune systems are getting weaker and now expose the different viruses and diseases. All in all, Dota really affects the life style of the youth who are in to this game, although it has one good benefit, but it corrupts the mind and the way the youth think. It also weakened the body system, money and moral values were not given importance because of this game.

Pttls

1. 1 Summarise key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice relating to own role and responsibilities I work for Dorset County Council (DCC) as an Area Youth Worker, where I run a Youth Centre in North Dorset. The centre provides a variety of provision and projects within the local community. As part of DCC we are governed by various legislations, regulatory requirements and codes of practice. This could relate in a variety of situations such as the buildings or staff we manage, working with young people in groups or lone working or even with the activities and provisions we provide.These guidelines and requirements are put in place to help protect not just those that we work with but also my staff, visitors and myself. It is important to have a good working understanding of these factors as the below legislation is there to help promote inclusion within the work place and for those that we teach and work with. I will endeavour to go over the key legislat ion that affects my work place below. The Children Act 1989 – The current child protection system is based on the Children Act 1989, which was introduced in an effort to reform and clarify the existing plethora of laws affecting children.Hailed at the time as â€Å"the most comprehensive and far-reaching reform of child law which has come before Parliament in living memory† by the then Lord Chancellor Lord Mackay of Clashfern, it enshrined a number of principles. The paramountcy principle means that a child’s welfare is paramount when making any decisions about a child’s upbringing. The Children Act 1989 sets out in detail what local authorities and the courts should do to protect the welfare of children. It charges local authorities with the â€Å"duty to investigate †¦ f they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives, or is found, in their area is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm† (section 47). Local authorit ies are also charged with a duty to provide â€Å"services for children in need, their families and others† (section 17). It is section 31 of the Children Act 1989 that sets out the NSPCC’s â€Å"authorised person status† which means the NSPCC has the power to apply directly for a court order if it believes a child is suffering or likely to suffer significant harm.The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 – This makes it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport. It also imposes upon public authorities a positive duty to promote disability equality. This will ensure the inclusion of disabled students within all group activities, and also to ensure that their disabilities are fully considered when planning such activities.They must receive full and equal access to education and all associated activities and resources. The Human Rights Act 1998 – (also known as the Act or the HRA) came into force in the United Kingdom in October 2000. It is composed of a series of sections that have the effect of codifying the protections in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. All public bodies (such as courts, police, local governments, hospitals, publicly funded schools, and others) and other bodies carrying out public functions have to comply with the Convention rights.This means, among other things, that individuals can take human rights cases in domestic courts; they no longer have to go to Strasbourg to argue their case in the European Court of Human Rights. The Equality Act 2010 – simplifies the old? laws and puts them all together in one piece of legislation. Also, it makes the law stronger in some areas. So depending on your circumstances, the new Act may protect you more. The Equality Act 2010 protects you from things like racial or religious discrimination, harassment, sexual orien tation, gender discrimination or if you have a disability.The Health & Safety at Work Act (1974) – Every individual must be mindful of the following responsibilities. They must take reasonable care for the health and safety of him/her and of other persons who may be affected by his/her acts or omissions at work. They must Co-operate with employers or other persons so far as is necessary to enable them to perform their duties or requirements under the Act. They must not intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety or welfare.It is clearly vitally important for a teacher/tutor to be vigilant and mindful of health and safety issues. Some hazards and the issues which surround them will be constant to all environments. Examples include tripping hazards (laptop cables, bags), and fire safety hazards. Other hazards are going to be very much dependant on the type of environment in which training is taking place and the lear ner group with which the tutor is working. The Education & Skills Act (2008) – was introduced and aimed to increase participation in learning for young people and adults.It puts in place a right for adults to basic and intermediate skills, giving adults a second chance to gain the skills they need to thrive in society and throughout their working lives. As a worker we deal with a number of details regarding the young people and families we work with DCC have use the below guidelines with regards to data protection. The Data Protection Act 1998 (amended 2003). This act covers the protection of personal data.The most important elements to be aware of are the following data protection principles outlined in the act: Data may only be used for the specific purposes for which it was collected. Data must not be disclosed to other parties without the consent of the individual whom it is about, unless there is legislation or other overriding legitimate reason to share the information. Individuals have a right of access to the information held about them, subject to certain exceptions (for example, information held for the prevention or detection of crime).Personal information may be kept for no longer than is necessary and must be kept up to date. Personal information may not be sent outside the European Economic Area unless the individual whom it is about has consented or adequate protection is in place. The departments of an organisation that is holding personal information are required to have adequate security measures in place. Those include technical measures (such as firewalls) and organisational measures (such as staff training). Subjects have the right to have factually incorrect information corrected. . 2 Explain own responsibilities for promoting equality and valuing diversity As a Youth Worker a core value of our work is not only dealing with promoting equality and diversity but also teaching others how to understand and work alongside those with dif fering opinions and values. These values are at the core of the work undertaken within youth work and underpin the standards; recognising that at the heart of all youth work is a young person led approach. The National Youth Agency describes the key purpose of youth work is to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Enable young people to develop holistically, working with them to facilitate their personal, social and educational development, to enable them to develop their voice, influence and place in society and to reach their full potential’ The following statements, views and vaules are underpinned by the principles of equity, diversity and interdependence, Participation and active involvement Young people choose to be involved, not least because they want to relax, meet friends, make new relationships, to have fun, and to find support.The work starts from where young people are in relation to their own values, views and principles, as well as their own personal and social space, It seeks to go b eyond where young people start, to widen their horizons, promote participation and invite social commitment, in particular by encouraging them to be critical and creative in their responses to their experience and the world around them, ? Equity, diversity and inclusion: Youth workers teach and treat young people with respect, valuing each individual and their differences, and promoting the acceptance and understanding of others, whilst challenging oppressive behaviour and ideas.We promote as well as learn to respect values individual differences by supporting and strengthening young people’s belief in themselves, and their capacity to grow and to change through a supportive group environment. Partnership with young people and others Youth workers actively respond to the wider networks of peers, communities, families and cultures which are important to young people, and through these networks seek to help young people to achieve stronger relationships and collective identitie s, through the promotion of inclusivity.We work in partnership with young people and signposting to other agencies which contribute to young people’s social, educational and personal development. In turn we are able to recognise the young person as a partner in a learning process, complementing formal education through informal education leading to, promoting access to learning opportunities, which enable them to fulfil their potential, ? Personal, social and political development: How young people feel, and not just with what they know and can do, It is through facilitating and empowering the voice of young people, encouraging and? nabling them to influence the environment in which they live. We help promote and lead on safeguarding issues of young people, and provide them with a safe environment in which to ? explore their values, beliefs, ideas and issues. 1. 3 Explain own role and responsibilities in lifelong learning My key role in the LLS will be to help promote youth w ork and deliver items such as 1st aid training. I will help to provide a set of skills, knowledge, understanding and behaviours necessary for any function that a youth work role is likely to perform.This is also underpinned by a set of agreed values and a key purpose in learning. I would hope to promote good practice for my learners so that they would have transferable skills and the confidence to sell themselves positively to employers, education establishments and their peers, setting a benchmark for the experience and competence that is required for them to grow as an individual. 1. 4 Explain own role and responsibilities in identifying and meeting the needs of learners How? As a trainer in the LLS we have a key responsibility in educating others.It takes more than just a well typed up lesson plan with all the fancy thrilly bits and bobs. In order to educate others we need to go through several steps as educators ourselves. I have been on courses where the tutor â€Å"talks the talk† but then doesn’t follow up or put into practice what they are teaching. They are fixed by timings, curriculum’s and other pressures faced when teaching and forget the fundamentals of teaching. By using the above Training Needs Analysis (TNA) as an example of process, it clearly helps us as trainers to identify areas of need and training delivery needed for pupils to succeed.Stage 1 – this stage allows us to gather the information needed on each learner and class sizes. It also allows us to look into appropriate venues and training aids. It would also allow us to signpost to other agencies if you could not meet their needs. Stage 2 – This is for me where the fun begins. As a trainer using stage 1 I’m able to explore and think of new and different techniques and delivery styles, to mix and match activities that I haven’t tried before using the information to hand. This not only revives me as a trainer but I would hope this would al so promote a practical learning environment.Other key areas to consider would be resources need, H&S issues and timings Stage 3 – My preferred way of training style is EDIP; Explanation, Demo, Imitate and Practice. I find this helps promote learning and evolves repetition. I believe repletion is the key to getting students to understand what the aims and objectives are We must also make sure that is inclusive to all, that best engages students, ensuring that ground rules are established and maintained that helps to provide a safe, friendly teaching environment that inspires and motivates students to learn and take part.By using ice breakers enables a safe learning enviroment and back up plans/lessons, as each group will be different. Stage 4 – This is the area that keeps me up all night. It’s not the thought of evaluating, as it is key to get the views and opinions of others; peers and students. Its’ the reflective work I undertake, even when I’m b uzzing from delivering a great session. When using evaluating tools (and there’s 100’s out there) in my experience it’s only a small majority that give you the information needed to improve. Most will tick boxes quickly at the end and put N/A or â€Å"great session† or even â€Å"no lunch provided† in boxes for comments.The best form of evaluation is to try and spend some time at the end or during the course to meet your students and hear what they have to say, this could even happen during a session where you will go off topic or away from your thrilly lesson plan as it meets the current learning needs of the group, but being mindful not to stray to far. The reflection work is key to progression as it allows you to work on improvements, you can also help students with progressive areas or even pat yourself on the back once in a while. 2. Explain the boundaries between the teaching role and other professional roles Working alongside other agencies or governing bodies can create professional barriers. In my opinion governing bodies are there to help maintain good standards within your profession as well as promote good quality assurance. It’s when changes are made/forced upon workers and learners where professional barriers become indistinct. Making sure communication is clear between others is key. Another factor which some professionals are unwilling to admit, is the fear of change. Change can be good if managed well.Unfortunately even if the change is managed well if the workers involved are not inclined to accept this, boundaries and relationships can be fragile. 2. 2 Describe points of referral to meet the needs of learners Within our organisation there are various referral points for learners or people that access our centres. These referral points are a valuable part of what we offer as a service to users of the centre. I would also offer extra help and support to those that I work with by outlining at the start and the end that there is additional support and help to suit your needs.We would try and be as flexible as possible and help with further progression if learners would need it. Likewise some learners are unable to see their potential and I would encourage further learning if I deemed this necessary and appropriate. 2. 3 Summarise own responsibilities in relation to other professionals When working within other professional work places, I work to a very professional standard keeping all parties aware of what it happening. I act in a way that I would expect other workers to conduct themselves if they came to my work place.I would strive to meet all needs required by other professional such as contracts or learning agreements made. Having the title â€Å"professional† doesn’t mean I or others aren’t infallible. We all make mistakes, it’s how we as â€Å"professionals† deal with those mistakes and what learning can be taken from any mistakes made. Lik ewise it is important to share successes with other professionals. 3. 1 Explain own responsibilities in maintaining a safe and supportive learning environment As a trainer you are responsible for a number of key areas as mentioned in from 1. through to this section. Without a safe and supportive environment learning can not take place effectively. To give you an example of this Maslow introduced a ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ (Below) in 1954 after rejecting the idea that human behaviour was determined by childhood events. He felt that there are five needs which represent different levels of motivation which must be met and he also believed that people should be able to move through these needs to the next level provided they are given an education that will promote growth.Self-actualization – morality, creativity, problem solving, etc. Esteem – includes confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect, etc. Belongingness – includes love, friendship, intimacy, family, etc. Safety – includes security of environment, employment, resources, health, property, etc. Physiological – includes air, food, water, sex, sleep, other factors towards homeostasis, etc. 3. 2 Explain ways to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others This is an important part of any work that I undertake with students of all ages.I’m sure that at every training session you go to there will be the â€Å"ground rules flipchart†. Now although ground rules are important, this exercise cannot just promote a healthy and safe learning environment, it can act as an ice breaker too. But how many times has the ground rules sheet been referred to again. With adults very rarely as we should all be aware of the boundaries needed with a group situation. With young learners you may need to refer to the ground rules chart on more than one occasion.But with a whole list that the learners came up with at the start of a daunting first session, will they remember what was said? A process that I have found to be highly successful is after the learners have come up with their long list of do’s and don’ts is to summarize this process with an easy process that is not only practical but effective as well. HARmony – â€Å"For people to get along with one another† is just one definition If you take the 1st three letters of harmony you have Honesty – if your honest with yourself and othersAwareness – If you aware of your feeling or what you say and aware of other thoughts, opinions and beliefs Responsibility – take responsibility for yourself and others Just these 3 key words can summarize any ground rules and allow you as a trainer to refer to these key words within any positive or negative situation and also allows others to get on with one another. References: NSPCA – http://www. nspcc. org. uk/Inform/research/questions/child_protection_legislation_in_the_uk_pdf_wdf48953. pdf The Da ta Protection Act 1998 (amended 2003) – http://www. legislation. gov. k The Equality Act 2010 – http://www. homeoffice. gov. uk/equalities/equality-act/ Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 – http://www. ukcle. ac. uk/resources/directions/previous/issue4/senda/ Education & Skills Act (2008) – http://www. legislation. gov. uk Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 – http://www. legislation. gov. uk The Gender Recognition Act 2004 – http://www. legislation. gov. uk Health & Safety at Work Act (1974) – http://www. hse. gov. uk/legislation/hswa/ National Youth Agency http://www. learning-theories. com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs. html

Francis Bacon and Brett Whiteley

Brett Whiteley and Francis Bacon Essay Question: Discuss the way Whiteley’s work; ‘Self Portrait in the Studio’ 1976, and Bacon’s ‘Figure in Movement, 1976’ show two very different approaches to practice. How have these artists used gesture, colour, and form differently in these works to explore totally different emotional and psychological territory? Francis Bacon and Brett Whiteley show two very different approaches to their practice. They use gesture, colour and form differently in these works to explore different emotional and psychological territory.The making of an artistic practice is based on the artist’s view of the things affecting and contributing to his society and perspective on the world. Differing styles in this depend on the artist and their intent in making their artwork which is evident in the two contrasting works of Whiteley’s ‘Self portrait in the studio’ 1976 and Bacon’s ‘Figure in m ovement, 1976’. They portray their views through a range of techniques. Artistic practice is the way in which an artist goes about their work. It refers to the conceptual and making processes of an artwork.An artist will find a suitable subject matter, develop skills and use visual codes and symbols to portray their ideas and concepts to hopefully trigger a certain audience response. An artist would want to be reflective of the society and world of that time to have the audience be able to connect with ideas and concepts they want to convey. How they make it and why they make it is a testimony to their different media, styles and techniques and also their use of the visual qualities and relationships as well as the influence of their global and personal world and other artists and their movements.Francis Bacon says that he is ‘deforming and reforming reality in his paintings’ this is evident in his work ‘Figure in movement, 1976’. Distorted features of the human form are typical with Bacons figurative style. Bacon stated that his aim was to ‘not make illustration of reality but to create images which are concentration of reality’. Subject matter is not something that Francis Bacon said he traditionally looks for but he was inspired by people like Muybridge and his photography of deformities and animal locomotion.In his studio he has collection of his works spread out on a table, ‘these things spread around the table are perhaps what more conventional artists would call subject matter’. He is also inspired by medical books of x-rays and diseases of the mouth which he interprets as beautiful and interesting. He finds dead carcasses of cattle in the butcher as one of the most vibrant colour palettes and interesting forms. In the background of the work there is a pig carcass which is evidence of his interpretation of beauty .He uses a mash of dark grey colours for the forms and a bright orange base with a black background ambiguously. In the work ‘Figure in movement, 1976’ Bacon based the conceptual idea from a book which had a line ‘The reek of human blood smiles out at me. ’ This provoked a strong sense of imagery which transformed in to his art and in particular this work of two distorted forms wrestling. He successfully depicts violence in to the work which has been fuelled from that line and the audience successfully receives it.Francis Bacon is seen as an artist who creates his work very unconventionally. He uses the unprimed side of a canvas as he became accustomed to it after losing all his money and using the other side of old paintings because he couldn’t afford new canvases. He does not do sketches before taking on a painting and feels whichever way his brush takes him is the way that he wants to go. He says that ‘I have an overall image that I want to do but it’s in the working that it develops’, and ‘I believe in a deeply ordered chaos of work. Bacon never attended an art school because he thinks ‘I would have been taught all those old techniques that I just don’t want to know, I wanted to find my own techniques. You can’t any longer make illustration because it’s done so much better by the camera and the cinema. ’ He has a habit of manically working paint into a canvas not only with a paint brush but with cloths and dishwashing instruments which adds to the frenzy of his work.Francis Bacon doesn’t put much emphasis on the meaning of his work but on the mood and feeling it creates, ’I do believe that today modern man wants a sensation really without the boredom of its conveyance, a cut down of conveyance as far as possible so you just give over to sensation’, though interestingly he says ‘I never feel anything when I do paintings there’s nothing to feel. ’ Many come away with the feeling of horror from a Bacon work b ut that’s not the intention ‘what horror could I make that could compete with what goes on every single day. Brett Whiteley’s painting ‘Self portrait in the studio’ won the Archibald prize in 1976. It was one of several Archibald prizes that he one in the ‘70’s. Whiteley was known for the topics of nudes, portraits, landscapes, still lifes of the female form, birds, and abstracts which all feature heavily in his self portrait of not only him but things that are dear to him and reflect his life and work as represented in the form of his studio. In this work Whiteley is trying to express that ‘yes, this is a mirror image of myself but I am not just Brett Whiteley, I am also Brett Whiteley who is part of this environment at this time. This painting is a testimony to what he loves and his working space in which he has created his career from and his artistic practice. He expresses this by including important elements of his life. Brett Whiteley strongly uses emotive qualities of colour. The whole painting is held together by the unifying prevailing quality of blue which is his signature colour. He is recognised for this colour because he is always referencing the water especially in this painting of his studio overlooking the harbour in Lavender Bay.This colour is also spread on to the walls and acts as a calming effect on the receiving audience. The colour is rich and bright to contrast with other points of focus in the room. The way he has developed the forms and shapes in the room are meant to convey the idea of man only being as big as any other point of reference. Whiteley reinforces this idea by making all focal points distorted and exaggerated. This is a celebration of his interest in female form and his figurative sculpture works.It is evident in ‘Self Portrait in the Studio’ that Whiteley has worked with slow, spontaneous gestures and worked back in to the canvas with scratches. The drawings of surroundings are minimal and simplistic and have been drawn with free loose lines to convey emotion. Whiteley says that ‘the best times when paintings are done when I’m not in charge of it all, if I keep my ego out of it there is kind of a pure flow of that recommendation and that solution of a kind of neat rightness that goes in as best and as accurately as one can.This approach contributes to the mood, feeling and meaning of the work and the sense of the way being an artist has impacted on his life. The small self portrait in comparison to his big studio also reflects how it dominates his life but is reflected as his most enjoyable escape. The painting also has a dream like feel showing his relationship with his art. Both of these two artists have very differently developed their practices.I think an interesting comparison between them is that Francis Bacon was always referencing death and in his documentary ‘The Art of Francis Bacon’ when talking abo ut how Egyptian art inspired him said ‘I guess they were always trying to defeat death by leaving images but it won’t really make a difference. We will all be dead. ’ And that one of Brett Whiteley’s famous quote is ‘Art is the thrilling spark that beats death, that’s all. ’ I think these two conflicting statements perfectly sum up the contrast they have in ideas and show how they explore emotional and psychological territory differently.